-ing Clauses: Participle Clauses

An -ing clause (present participle) shortens a relative clause or shows a parallel action. Keep the English -ing form in examples — a past participle like parked is a different structure.

• The man sitting by the window is my uncle. (= who is sitting)
• People living in cities often use public transport.
• Feeling tired, she went to bed. — reason / background
• He walked away smiling.

Object: I saw her crossing the street.

A passive participle is -ed / V3, not -ing: The car parked outside is mine. (= which is parked). That is not an -ing clause.